Smithsonian
  • Navigating
    at Sea
    • Challenges of Sea Navigation
    • Navigating Without a Clock
    • The Longitude Problem
    • The U.S. Goes to Sea
    • Navigate at Sea! Activity
  • Navigating
    in the Air
    • Challenges of Air Navigation
    • Early Air Navigators
    • Navigation at War
    • Navigate the Skies! Activity
  • Navigating
    in Space
    • Challenges of Space Navigation
    • Reaching for the Moon
    • Navigating in Deep Space
    • Navigate in Space! Activity
  • Satellite Navigation
    • Challenges of Satellite Navigation
    • Reliable Global Navigation
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Who Uses Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation
    for Everyone
    • Meet a Professional Navigator
    • Personal Navigation Stories
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research
  • Visit the Exhibition

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Time and Navigation Home
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Time and Navigation
The untold story of getting from here to there.
Home

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  • Navigating at Sea
  • Navigating in the Air
  • Navigating in Space
  • Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation for Everyone
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research Journal
  • Visit the Exhibition
  • Challenges of Satellite Navigation
    • Navigation Gone Wrong: Soviets Shoot Down an Airliner
  • Reliable Global Navigation
    • Inertial Navigation
      • Charles Stark Draper
      • Developing Inertial Navigation
    • The First Satellite Navigation System
      • Transit Satellites
      • Navigating a Submarine
    • Improving Satellite Navigation
      • Clocks in Space
      • Evolving Solutions
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • GPS Begins
    • The Satellite Constellation
    • Synchronized Accurate Time
    • Risks to the System
    • International Systems
  • Who Uses Satellite Navigation
    • Military Applications
    • Civilian Applications
      • The Commercial Market
      • Improving Accuracy
      • Looking Ahead

Explore More

GPS Use during Mountain Climbing »
Intentional Jamming  »
Magellan eXplorist, 2010 »
Roy Bardole in His Office »
Magellan GPS Test Components - Power Supply »

Challenges of Satellite Navigation

Modern global navigation services use orbiting satellites to meet many demands.

AVAILABILITY

Positioning information must be available all the time, regardless of time of day, weather conditions, or other factors.

COVERAGE

Services must be available anywhere in the world, so satellites need to be visible anywhere on Earth and their orbits must be carefully tracked.

ACCURACY

Precise positions need to be determined to identify tiny land features, locate individual structures, and allow vehicles, ships, and aircraft to avoid hazards.

USER EQUIPMENT

Equipment used on Earth must be small and portable, requiring satellites to operate precise time and data systems in the harsh environment of space.

USABILITY

Positions must be determined quickly, without requiring users to receive extensive training or perform multiple steps.

  • Navigation Gone Wrong: Soviets Shoot Down an Airliner »

    A Korean Air Lines jumbo jetliner strayed into Soviet airspace.

constellation_3.jpg

GPS Constellation
GPS satellites are positioned in precise, circular orbits 18,000 kilometers (11,000 miles) above the Earth. They orbit once every 12 hours.
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.
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  • Navigating at Sea
    • Challenges of Sea Navigation
    • Navigating Without a Clock
    • The Longitude Problem
    • The U.S. Goes to Sea
    • Navigate at Sea! Activity
  • Navigating in the Air
    • Challenges of Air Navigation
    • Early Air Navigators
    • Navigation at War
    • Navigate the Skies! Activity
  • Navigating in Space
    • Challenges of Space Navigation
    • Reaching for the Moon
    • Navigating in Deep Space
    • Navigate in Space! Activity
  • Satellite Navigation
    • Challenges of Satellite Navigation
    • Reliable Global Navigation
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Who Uses Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation for Everyone
    • Meet a Professional Navigator
    • Personal Navigation Stories
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research
  • Visit the Exhibition
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  • Privacy
  • Contact
  • Sponsors
  • Press
  • Donate
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