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  • Navigating
    at Sea
    • Challenges of Sea Navigation
    • Navigating Without a Clock
    • The Longitude Problem
    • The U.S. Goes to Sea
    • Navigate at Sea! Activity
  • Navigating
    in the Air
    • Challenges of Air Navigation
    • Early Air Navigators
    • Navigation at War
    • Navigate the Skies! Activity
  • Navigating
    in Space
    • Challenges of Space Navigation
    • Reaching for the Moon
    • Navigating in Deep Space
    • Navigate in Space! Activity
  • Satellite Navigation
    • Challenges of Satellite Navigation
    • Reliable Global Navigation
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Who Uses Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation
    for Everyone
    • Meet a Professional Navigator
    • Personal Navigation Stories
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research
  • Visit the Exhibition

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Time and Navigation Home
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Time and Navigation
The untold story of getting from here to there.
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  • Navigating at Sea
  • Navigating in the Air
  • Navigating in Space
  • Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation for Everyone
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research Journal
  • Visit the Exhibition
  • Challenges of Air Navigation
    • Flying Boats Cross the Seas
    • Overcoming the Challenges
      • Celestial Navigation
      • Radio Navigation
      • Dead Reckoning
    • Navigate the Skies! Activity
  • Early Air Navigators
    • Dying to Set Records
    • Charles Lindbergh's Calculated Risk
    • The Business of Air Navigation
      • The Teacher: P. V. H. Weems
      • The Air Navigation Community
      • Radio Time for Aviation
    • Lindbergh's New Tools
    • Two Men in a Hurry
      • The Winnie Mae
      • Meet the Navigator: Harold Gatty
    • Navigation Gone Wrong: Amelia Earhart
  • Navigation at War
    • The Wartime Navigator
      • Harry Crosby
      • Tools of the Trade
    • Naval Aviation
      • Meet the Navigators: WAVES
    • A New Era in Time and Navigation
      • Hyperbolic Systems
      • LORAN
      • Meet the Clockmaker: Alfred Loomis
  • Navigate the Skies! Activity

Did You Know?

P. V. H. Weems co-founded the Institute of Navigation after World War II, and in the 1960s, he developed systems of celestial space navigation used in the Apollo program.

Explore More

Manuel Gouveia, Portugal »
VOR (Very-high frequency Omni Range) »
Longines Lindbergh Hour Angle Watch »
Ruth Elder and George Haldeman arrive in Europe after their harrowing rescue »
Harry H. Crosby's Wrecked B-17 Just a-Snappin (Ill.) »

Early Air Navigators

1927 was a year of unprecedented attempts to establish new records for long-distance flight. It was exciting but dangerous. Many people tried . . . and many died.

Most often remembered as the year Charles Lindbergh flew alone across the Atlantic, 1927 also witnessed other record flights that presented far greater challenges. But the limitations of navigation technology often proved deadly. Even the relatively simple navigational task of crossing the North Atlantic claimed many lives. These disasters marked a turning point in navigational systems.

Engineers greatly improved aircraft performance between the world wars, but they gave little thought to the challenges of navigation. A handful of dedicated inventors worked hard to overcome this problem. From 1928 to 1931, a new system of navigation emerged that made long-distance flights safe and reliable. The long-range military and commercial operations it made possible would help usher in a new age of economic and military opportunity—and uncertainty. 

si-82-4495_pedlar.jpg

John Pedlar, Vilas Knope, and Mildred Doran
John A. Pedlar and Mildred Doran posing with M. R. Lawing.
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

si-a-31246-d.jpg

William Brock and Edward Schlee
William S. "Billy" Brock and Edward F. Schlee.
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

si-2003-30877p_chamberlin.jpg

Clarence Chamberlin and Charles Levine
Charles Levine and Clarence D. Chamberlin in front of their Bellanca WB-2 Miss Columbia
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

si-a-4587p_-_maitland_and_hegenberger_hegenberger_on_left.jpg

Albert F. Hegenberger and Lester J. Maitland
Lt. Albert F. Hegenberger and Lt. Lester J. Maitland
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

wf-32899.jpg

Ernest Smith and Emory Bronte
Ernest L. Smith and navigator Emory B. Bronte of the first civilian flight from the U.S. mainland to the Hawaiian Islands.
Credit: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.
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  • Dying to Set Records »

    In 1927 aviators made unprecedented long-distance flights, but many others died trying.

  • Charles Lindbergh's Calculated Risk »

    Lindbergh demonstrated that transatlantic flight would soon be practical.

  • The Business of Air Navigation »

    American military services and commercial airlines often depended on P. V. H. Weems for reliable long-distance navigation techniques.

  • Lindbergh's New Tools »

    Charles Lindbergh used new celestial navigation equipment while under instruction by P. V. H. Weems.

  • Two Men in a Hurry »

    The 1931 around-the-world flight of Wiley Post and Harold Gatty marked the introduction of a revolutionary system of air navigation technologies.

  • Navigation Gone Wrong: Amelia Earhart »

    The 1937 disappearance of Amelia Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan demonstrated that, although the technology of air navigation had matured, many possibilities for fatal errors remained.

  • Navigating at Sea
    • Challenges of Sea Navigation
    • Navigating Without a Clock
    • The Longitude Problem
    • The U.S. Goes to Sea
    • Navigate at Sea! Activity
  • Navigating in the Air
    • Challenges of Air Navigation
    • Early Air Navigators
      • Dying to Set Records
      • Charles Lindbergh's Calculated Risk
      • The Business of Air Navigation
      • Lindbergh's New Tools
      • Two Men in a Hurry
      • Navigation Gone Wrong: Amelia Earhart
    • Navigation at War
    • Navigate the Skies! Activity
  • Navigating in Space
    • Challenges of Space Navigation
    • Reaching for the Moon
    • Navigating in Deep Space
    • Navigate in Space! Activity
  • Satellite Navigation
    • Challenges of Satellite Navigation
    • Reliable Global Navigation
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Who Uses Satellite Navigation
  • Navigation for Everyone
    • Meet a Professional Navigator
    • Personal Navigation Stories
  • Timeline of Innovation
  • Artifacts
  • Learning Resources
  • Multimedia Gallery
  • Research
  • Visit the Exhibition
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  • Privacy
  • Contact
  • Sponsors
  • Press
  • Donate
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